Sources index

Every work cited in the knowledge base, with its location and headline finding. Each claim on a content page links back to one of these. Grouped by domain.

Physiology

• ACOG Committee Opinion 804, exercise during pregnancy and postpartum
• Aengevaeren et al. 2017, Lifelong exercise and coronary calcium
• Aggarwal, Mulgirigama & Berend 2018, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
• Allen, Lamb & Westerblad 2008, cellular muscle fatigue
• Almeida, Davis & Lopes 2015, foot-strike biomechanics
• IV muscle afferents and fatigue
• Amann 2012, Pulmonary system limitations to endurance exercise performance
• Anderson et al. 2020, changing foot strike pattern
• Baker, McCormick & Robergs 2010, Interaction among skeletal-muscle energy systems
• Bassett & Howley 2000, Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake
• Belval et al. 2018, Exertional heat stroke care consensus
• Besson et al. 2022, sex differences in endurance running
• Brooks & Mercier 1994, Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilization during exercise: the “crossover” concept
• Brooks 2018, The Science and Translation of Lactate Shuttle Theory
• Bruno et al. 2026, Validity and reliability of portable blood lactate analysers systematic review
• Burnley & Jones 2007, oxygen uptake kinetics as a determinant of sports performance
• Burtscher et al. 2022, training and cardiorespiratory loss in masters
• Campbell & Turner 2018, Debunking exercise-induced immune suppression
• Casa et al. 2015, NATA exertional heat illness position statement
• Conley & Krahenbuhl 1980, Running economy and distance running performance
• Cowley et al. 2021, women in sport and exercise science research
• Coyle 1995, Integration of the physiological factors determining endurance performance
• Dallam et al. 2018, nasal versus oral breathing in recreational runners
• Dallam & Kies 2020, nasal versus oral and oronasal breathing during exercise (review)
• Davis et al. 2024, In-lab versus real-world running gait
• Dempsey et al. 2006, consequences of exercise-induced respiratory muscle work
• Doyle et al. 2022, Gait retraining effectiveness in distance runners
• Durability, decoupling and training (Front Physiol 2023)
• Elliott-Sale et al. 2020, oral contraceptives and performance meta-analysis
• Elliott-Sale et al. 2021, methodological considerations for female research
• Energy cost of running and Achilles tendon stiffness
• Farrell et al. 1979, Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance
• Faude, Kindermann & Meyer 2009, Lactate threshold concepts
• Ferris, Louie & Farley 1998, adjusting leg stiffness for different surfaces
• Fletcher, Esau & MacIntosh 2009, Economy of running: beyond the measurement of oxygen uptake
• Fragala et al. 2019, resistance training for older adults
• Galbraith et al. 2014, A single-visit field test of critical speed
• Gastin & Suppiah 2026, Anaerobic and aerobic energy system contribution during maximal exercise: systematic review
• González-Alonso et al. 2008, The cardiovascular challenge of exercising in the heat
• Goodpaster & Sparks 2017, Metabolic flexibility in health and disease
• Guarnieri et al. 2025, Extreme endurance training and coronary artery disease: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Hanstock, Ainegren & Stenfors 2020, Exercise in sub-zero temperatures and airway health
• Harris et al. 2024, Ozone and maximal exercise in endurance athletes
• HERITAGE Family Study (Bouchard et al.)
• Hopke et al. 2022, Face masks and pollutant exposure during active travel
• Hughes, Ellefsen & Baar 2018, Adaptations to endurance and strength training
• Humans optimise ground contact time and leg stiffness to minimise the metabolic cost of running
• Hunter & Smith 2007, self-optimised stride frequency
• Hunter et al. 2023, Biological basis of sex differences in athletic performance: ACSM consensus statement
• Jones & Carter 2000, The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness
• Jones et al. 2010, Critical power and the determination of VO2max and exercise tolerance
• Joyner & Coyle 2008, Endurance exercise performance
• Joyner 1991, Modeling: optimal marathon performance
• Lactate threshold as %VO2max across performance levels (Front Physiol 2020)
• Lee et al. 2014, Leisure-time running and mortality
• Lloyd & Oliver 2012, the Youth Physical Development model
• Martin et al. 2025, Physical activity, air pollution and all-cause mortality
• Martínez-Vizcaíno et al. 2023, Exercise during pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders umbrella review
• Martín-Rincón & Calbet 2020, Progress update and challenges on VO2max testing and interpretation
• Maunder et al. 2018, Contextualising maximal fat oxidation: determinants and normative values
• Maunder et al. 2021, The importance of ‘durability’ in endurance performance
• McLean et al. 2013, Year-to-year variability in haemoglobin-mass response to altitude camps
• McMahon & Greene 1979, the influence of track compliance on running
• McNulty et al. 2020, menstrual cycle and exercise performance meta-analysis
• Medbo et al. 1988, accumulated oxygen deficit
• Mølmen et al. 2025, Exercise training and mitochondrial and capillary growth meta-regression
• Newman et al. 2021, Atrial fibrillation in athletes meta-analysis
• Nieman 1994, Exercise, infection and the J-curve
• Nieman et al. 1990, Infectious episodes around the Los Angeles Marathon
• Noakes 2012, fatigue as a brain-derived emotion
• Nybo, Rasmussen & Sawka 2014, Performance in the heat: physiological factors of hyperthermia-induced fatigue
• Parsons et al. 2013, ATS clinical practice guideline on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
• Pedisic et al. 2020, Running and mortality meta-analysis
• Périard et al. 2021, Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration and performance
• Pinnington & Dawson 2001, energy cost of running on grass versus sand
• Pluim et al. 2000, Athlete’s heart remodelling
• Pollock et al. 1997, 20-year follow-up of older track athletes
• Poole & Jones 2012, oxygen uptake kinetics (review)
• Poole et al. 2016, Critical power as a fatigue threshold
• Prolonged running lowers lactate-threshold speed (Eur J Appl Physiol 2025)
• Reassessment of the COSMED Quark CPET and VO2 Master Pro systems (2025)
• Reliability and validity of the Åstrand nomogram for submaximal VO2max estimation
• Rodriguez Bauza & Silveyra 2020, Sex differences in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes
• Romero-Parra et al. 2025, Menstrual cycle phases and athletic performance — hormone-verified systematic review
• Ruuskanen et al. 2024, Exercise during viral respiratory illness
• Sandford et al. 2019, anaerobic speed reserve in 800m runners
• Santisteban et al. 2022, sex differences in VO2max and endurance performance
• Sassi et al. 2011, energy cost of running on grass and turf
• Saunders et al. 2004, Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners
• Schnohr et al. 2015, Dose of jogging and mortality
• Simpson et al. 2020, Can exercise increase infection susceptibility, consensus
• Sinharay et al. 2018, Walking a traffic-polluted road versus a traffic-free area
• Skiba et al. 2012, Modelling the expenditure and reconstitution of W’
• Spence et al. 2007, Aetiology of upper respiratory illness in athletes
• Spencer & Gastin 2001, energy system contribution in 200-1500 m running
• Stenfors et al. 2022, Breathing mask attenuates airway response in sub-zero air
• Taboga & Kram 2019, the effect of curves on distance-running performance
• Tainio et al. 2016, Can air pollution negate the benefits of cycling and walking
• Tanaka & Seals 2008, endurance performance and ageing
• Tanaka, Monahan & Seals 2001, age-predicted maximal heart rate
• Tanner et al. 2010, Evaluation of three portable blood lactate analysers
• Tenforde et al. 2019, Cadence, leg length and load rate
• Thron et al. 2024, Assessing anaerobic speed reserve: validity & reliability of MAS and MSS methods
• Tissue adaptation timelines to mechanical loading
• Pw:HR)
• UK Government 2023, Physical activity and exposure to air pollution
• Validity of Cooper’s 12-minute run test for estimating VO2max
• Van Hooren et al. 2024, Running biomechanics and running economy: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Walsh 2018, Recommendations to maintain immune health in athletes
• Weir et al. 2006, critique of the central governor model

Training

• Abbiss & Laursen 2008, describing and understanding pacing strategies
• Afonso et al. 2020, the effects of agility ladders on performance
• Alemu et al. 2025, uphill training and middle-distance performance
• Arent & Landers 2003, Arousal, anxiety and performance
• Ashdown-Franks et al. 2023, parkrun, mental health and social inclusion
• Atkinson & Batterham 2015, True and false interindividual differences in training response
• Azevedo et al. 2015, Running drills in an interval training program
• Bakken, the Norwegian double-threshold method (interview and writing)
• Balsalobre-Fernandez et al. 2016, Strength training and distance running
• Barnes et al. 2013, uphill interval-training programmes
• Billat 2001, Interval training for performance
• Billat et al. 2000, Intermittent runs at vVO2max
• Blagrove, Howatson & Hayes 2018, Strength training and running performance
• Blanchfield et al. 2014, Self-talk and endurance performance
• Blanchfield et al. 2023, Endurance sport coaching in an online space
• Bonetti & Hopkins 2009, Sea-level performance after hypoxia meta-analysis
• Bosquet et al. 2007, Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis
• Boullosa et al. 2020, Factors affecting training in recreational endurance runners
• Brustio, Stival & Boccia 2023, relative age effect reversal in athletics
• Burnley, Bearden & Jones 2022, Polarised training point-counterpoint
• Casado et al. 2021, World-class long-distance running performances and training
• Casado et al. 2022, Training distribution in highly trained runners
• Casado et al. 2023, Training periodisation and threshold methods
• Chapman et al. 2014, How high to live for optimal sea-level performance
• Chapman, Stray-Gundersen & Levine 1998, Individual variation in response to altitude training
• Chen et al. 2002, Validity of the Borg RPE scale, a meta-analysis
• Cobley et al. 2009, Annual age-grouping and athlete development: meta-analytical review of relative age effects
• Coyle & González-Alonso 2001, Cardiovascular drift
• da Silva et al. 2022, metabolic cost of aerodynamic drag in marathon running
• Daniels 2021, Daniels’ Running Formula (4th ed.)
• Davis 2011, The methods of Renato Canova
• Delleli et al. 2023, Pre-task music and exercise performance, a meta-analysis
• Dudagoitia Barrio et al. 2023, plyometric jump training and running economy meta-analysis
• Edwards et al. 2018, Social facilitation of endurance and sprint exercise
• Eihara et al. 2022, Heavy resistance vs plyometric for running economy
• El Helou et al. 2012, Environmental parameters and marathon performance
• England Athletics, Benefits of club affiliation
• England Athletics, Coach licensing and safeguarding
• England Athletics, RunTogether programme
• Esteve-Lanao et al. 2007, Impact of training intensity distribution
• Ferley et al. 2013, uphill versus level-grade interval training
• 20 Running
• Fradkin, Zazryn & Smoliga 2010, effects of warming-up on performance
• Fredette et al. 2022, Running injuries and training parameters: systematic review
• Friel, lactate-threshold heart-rate zones
• Galloway, the run-walk-run method
• García-Valiente et al. 2026, Muscle, neuromuscular and cardiac damage in trail running
• Goldratt 1984, the theory of constraints (The Goal)
• Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006, implementation intentions and goal achievement (meta-analysis)
• Gore et al. 2013, Altitude training and haemoglobin mass meta-analysis
• Govus et al. 2015, Pre-altitude ferritin, iron dose and haemoglobin-mass response
• Granata et al. 2018, Mitochondrial adaptations to endurance training
• Grivas 2025, physiology and psychology of negative splits
• Grunseit et al. 2020, Reach and impact of parkrun, a scoping review
• Gunnarsson & Bangsbo 2012, The 10-20-30 training concept
• Haake, Quirk & Bullas 2024, parkrun and life satisfaction
• HajGhanbari et al. 2013, respiratory muscle training in athletes (systematic review)
• Haïda et al. 2013, Environment and scheduling effects on sprint and middle-distance running
• Hanley 2016, pacing in Olympic and World Championship marathons
• Hatzigeorgiadis et al. 2011, Self-talk and sports performance, a meta-analysis
• Haugen et al. 2022, The training characteristics of world-class distance runners
• Hawley et al. 2018, Maximizing Cellular Adaptation to Endurance Exercise in Skeletal Muscle
• Helgerud et al. 2007, Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max
• Henriksen et al. 2010, Holistic ecological approach to talent development
• Holgado et al. 2020, mental fatigue and exercise performance: bias-sensitive meta-analysis
• Hottenrott et al. 2012, High-intensity low-volume vs high-volume training
• walk strategy in a marathon
• Illi et al. 2012, respiratory muscle training and exercise performance (meta-analysis)
• Interval rep length and time at VO2max (Front Sports Act Living 2024)
• Issurin 2016, Benefits and limitations of block periodisation
• Jeffreys 2007, the RAMP method of warm-up
• Jones & Doust 1996, A 1% treadmill grade reflects outdoor running cost
• Jowett 2017, Coaching effectiveness: the coach-athlete relationship at its heart
• Jowett et al. 2017, Motivational processes in the coach-athlete relationship
• Karageorghis & Priest 2011-2012, Music in the exercise domain
• Karvonen et al. 1957, Heart-rate reserve method
• Keiser et al. 2015, Heat training increases exercise capacity in hot but not temperate conditions
• Kelemen et al. 2024, The Norwegian double-threshold method
• Khassetarash et al. 2021, repeated bouts of downhill running
• Kiely 2012, Periodization paradigms in the 21st century
• Kiely 2018, Periodization theory: confronting an inconvenient truth
• Konings & Hettinga 2018, competition and pacing decisions (review)
• Kritz et al. 2026, group versus individual physical activity interventions meta-analysis
• Kwok et al. 2022, Deep water running: cardiorespiratory fitness systematic review
• Lally et al. 2010, how habits form in the real world
• Lauersen et al. 2018, Strength training and sports-injury prevention
• Levine & Stray-Gundersen 1997, Living high-training low
• Lichenstein et al. 2012, Headphone use and pedestrian injury
• Llanos-Lagos et al. 2024, Resistance training and running economy across speeds
• Lorenzo et al. 2010, Heat acclimation improves exercise performance
• Lundby & Robach 2016, Does altitude training increase performance in elite athletes?
• Ma et al. 2023, habit-formation interventions for physical activity (meta-analysis)
• Macnamara, Moreau & Hambrick 2016, Deliberate practice and sport performance, a meta-analysis
• Maffetone & Laursen 2020, Maximum aerobic function
• Mantzios et al. 2022, Weather parameters and endurance running performance across disciplines
• Marcora et al. 2009, Mental fatigue impairs physical performance
• Marius Bakken on the Norwegian Method — Double Threshold, Lactate Control, and Muscle Tone (Science of Running, 2026)
• Martindale et al. 2010 and Li et al. 2015, Talent Development Environment Questionnaire
• Masters & Ogles 1998, Associative and dissociative strategies in running
• Midgley, McNaughton & Jones 2007, Training to enhance VO2max and economy
• Mihály Iglói (biographical overview)
• Mikkelsen et al. 2019, Prolonged heat acclimation and aerobic performance
• Miller et al. 2019, Physiological, perceptual and performance differences between treadmill and overground running
• Minetti et al. 2002, energy cost of walking and running at extreme slopes
• Mitchell et al. 2025, surface compliance and running biomechanics meta-analysis
• Molmen et al. 2019, Block vs traditional periodisation review
• Mooses et al. 2015, Better running economy in the field than on a treadmill
• Mossman et al. 2022, Autonomy support in sport: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Mujika 2010, Intense training: the key to optimal tapering
• Nikolaidis et al. 2018, Age-predicted maximal heart rate in marathon runners
• US National Weather Service, wind chill and cold-weather risk
• Nolan & Moore 2021, Energy cost of run-walk pacing
• Owen et al. 2022, Participation equity in organised sport, a meta-analysis
• Poon et al. 2024, HIIT and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults: umbrella review
• Pugh 1970, Air resistance in running
• Pugh 1971, wind resistance and drafting in running
• Qin et al. 2025, ACWR and sports injury risk: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Quinn & Coons 2011, The talk test and thresholds
• Quirk et al. 2021, Perceived benefits of parkrun participation
• Racinais et al. 2015, Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat
• Ramos-Campo et al. 2026, pacing strategies and endurance performance: network meta-analysis
• Renwick et al. 2024, Individual VO2max response to exercise: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Ronnestad & Mujika 2014, Strength training for endurance
• Rosenblat et al. 2025, Polarised vs pyramidal individual-participant meta-analysis
• San Millan & Brooks 2018, Metabolic flexibility and lactate clearance
• Sandford et al. 2019, tactical behaviour in championship 1500 m racing
• power reserve and sport performance
• Scheer et al. 2021, Optimal ambient conditions at the Berlin Marathon
• Science of Running, on the Iglói interval method
• Scoon et al. 2007, Post-exercise sauna bathing and endurance performance in runners
• Seiler & Kjerland 2006, Intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes
• Seiler 2010, What is best practice for training intensity distribution
• Sha et al. 2024, systematic review of marathon pacing strategies
• Siebenmann et al. 2012, Placebo-controlled live high-train low
• Silva Oliveira, Boppre & Fonseca 2024, Training intensity distribution meta-analysis
• Smith et al. 2021, Socioeconomic inequalities in parkrun participation
• Staiano et al. 2023, Brain endurance training in cyclists
• Stevinson & Hickson 2014, Public health potential of parkrun
• Stoggl & Sperlich 2014, Polarized training has greater impact
• Stöggl & Sperlich 2015, Training-intensity distribution and the three-zone model
• Storoschuk et al. 2025, Much ado about Zone 2
• Stretching, performance and running economy (reviews)
• Takayama & Aoyagi 2025, Heart-rate drift in elite marathon runners
• Teixeira et al. 2012, Self-determination theory and exercise
• Terry et al. 2020, Effects of music in exercise and sport, a meta-analysis
• Tjelta 2016, Training characteristics of male and female elite distance runners
• Tucker and Collins 2012, What makes champions? Genes and training in sporting success
• Tyler et al. 2016, Heat adaptation and exercise performance meta-analysis
• UK Athletics and the home-country federations, governance structure
• USATF and World Athletics, headphone and audio-device rules
• Van Hooren et al. 2020, Treadmill versus overground running biomechanics
• Vernillo et al. 2016, an extreme mountain ultra-marathon decreases the cost of uphill locomotion
• Waldron et al. 2021, Heat acclimation and VO2max: meta-analysis and meta-regression
• Wang et al. 2023, Tapering and endurance performance — systematic review & meta-analysis
• Williamson et al. 2022, Goal setting in sport, a meta-analysis
• Zanini, Folland & Blagrove 2025, Duration of prolonged running and acute fatigue
• Zhang et al. 2026, Brain endurance training effects on physical and cognitive performance — systematic review

Nutrition

• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2016, Position on vegetarian diets
• Achten & Jeukendrup 2004, Optimizing fat oxidation through exercise and diet
• Ahmadi et al. 2019, Glutamine supplementation review
• Aragon & Schoenfeld 2013, Nutrient timing revisited
• Areta et al. 2023, critical review of the energy availability threshold
• Barnes 2014, Alcohol: impact on sports performance and recovery in male athletes
• Beta-hydroxybutyrate salt and running performance
• Bischof et al. 2024, collagen peptide supplementation with training systematic review and meta-analysis
• Body composition and distance-running performance, narrative synthesis
• Bolland et al. 2018, vitamin D supplementation and musculoskeletal health meta-analysis
• Bonilla et al. 2021, Ashwagandha and physical performance systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis
• Bonn-Miller et al. 2017, labelling accuracy of CBD products sold online
• Bordoli et al. 2024, Oral lactate supplementation, acid-base balance and prolonged interval cycling
• Brooks et al. 2022, Ketone supplementation and performance meta-analysis
• Burke 2021, Ketogenic LCHF diet: the future of elite endurance sport?
• Burke et al. 2011, IOC consensus: carbohydrates for training and competition
• Burke et al. 2017, LCHF diet impairs exercise economy in elite race walkers
• Burke et al. 2020, LCHF impairment in elite race walkers is reproducible
• Chen et al. 2026, probiotic immune markers in athletes umbrella review
• Christ et al. 2024, carbohydrate and immunoregulatory stress hormones (systematic review)
• Ciuris et al. 2019, Protein digestibility in vegetarian and omnivorous athletes
• Clifford et al. 2020, Vitamin C and E and exercise-induced physiological adaptations
• Cohen et al. 2021, prohibited stimulants in sports and weight-loss supplements
• Cosgrove & Black 2013, sodium supplementation and cycling time-trial performance in cool conditions
• Cox et al. 2016, Nutritional ketosis alters fuel preference and endurance
• Craddock et al. 2016, Vegetarian versus omnivorous physical performance
• Damasceno et al. 2024, Plant-based diets benefit aerobic performance: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Davis 2024, Comment on Šmid et al. iron supplementation meta-analysis
• Deng et al. 2025, supplement network meta-analysis (power, VO₂max, endurance)
• Dietary nitrate and exercise performance (umbrella review of 20 reviews)
• Exeter beetroot research and the Beet It commercial link
• Fang & Nasir 2021, curcumin and recovery from muscle damage (meta-analysis)
• Farrokhyar et al. 2015, vitamin D status in athletes meta-analysis
• Fernández-Landa et al. 2024, HMB and endurance performance meta-analysis
• Fernández-Lázaro et al. 2020, curcumin and exercise-induced muscle damage (review)
• Fernández-Lázaro et al. 2024, omega-3 and exercise recovery and performance
• Forbes et al. 2023, Creatine for endurance athletes
• Gao & Chilibeck 2020, Tart cherry concentrate and endurance exercise performance meta-analysis
• Gao & Eshaghi 2021, omega-3 and exercise-induced muscle damage markers
• Garrison et al. 2020, magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps (Cochrane)
• Gavel et al. 2024, How cool is that? Menthol mouth rinsing on exercise performance — systematic review and meta-analysis
• Gawelczyk et al. 2026, Low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets and aerobic performance: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Gejl & Nybo 2021, periodized carbohydrate restriction meta-analysis
• Gerlach et al. 2008, fat intake and injury in female runners
• Geyer et al. 2004, undeclared steroids in nutritional supplements
• Ghazzawi et al. 2024, self-reported disordered eating in athletes
• Goulet 2011, Dehydration and endurance performance in self-paced exercise
• Grgic et al. 2021, ISSN position stand: sodium bicarbonate
• Guest et al. 2021, ISSN position stand: caffeine and exercise performance
• Harnden et al. 2023, citrulline and endurance performance meta-analysis
• Heffernan et al. 2019, minerals and trace elements in athletic performance
• Hemilä & Chalker 2013, vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold
• Hernández-Lougedo et al. 2023, Vegetarian diet and sports performance, a review
• Hew-Butler et al. 2017, Statement on exercise-associated hyponatraemia
• Hobson et al. 2012, Beta-alanine supplementation and exercise meta-analysis
• Hoffman & Stuempfle 2015, sodium intake during an ultramarathon
• Impey et al. 2018, Fuel for the work required
• Jäger et al. 2017, ISSN position stand: protein and exercise
• Jeukendrup 2014, A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate during exercise
• Jeukendrup 2017, training the gut for athletes
• Jung et al. 2005, hydration, electrolytes and exercise-associated cramps
• Kaviani et al. 2020, Creatine supplementation in vegetarians, a review
• Keay et al. 2018, RED-S in male endurance athletes
• Keringer et al. 2020, Menthol improves thermal perception during exercise — meta-analysis of RCTs
• Kerksick et al. 2017, ISSN position stand: nutrient timing
• Kim & Kim 2022, HMB and recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage
• King et al. 2018, Carbohydrate dose and exogenous oxidation
• Lakićević 2019, Alcohol consumption and post-resistance-exercise recovery — systematic review
• Lane et al. 2019, low energy availability in male endurance athletes
• Lappe et al. 2008, calcium and vitamin D RCT in female Navy recruits
• Leckey et al. 2017, Ketone diester impairs cycling time-trial
• Loucks and Thuma 2003, energy availability and LH pulsatility
• Mancine et al. 2020, disordered eating by sport leanness, systematic review
• Marquet et al. 2016, Sleep-low strategy
• Martinez et al. 2023, gut-training and feeding-challenge in endurance exercise systematic review
• Martínez-Sanz et al. 2017, doping substances in dietary supplements (review)
• Maughan et al. 2018, IOC consensus on dietary supplements
• McCartney et al. 2020, cannabidiol and sports performance (review)
• McMahon et al. 2017, Nitrate supplementation and exercise performance
• Miall et al. 2018, Two weeks of repeated carbohydrate feeding (gut training)
• Miller et al. 2010, pickle juice and electrically induced muscle cramp
• Miller et al. 2022, on the aetiology of exercise-associated muscle cramps
• Miller et al. 2025, Bicarbonate and continuous running meta-analysis
• Morton et al. 2018, Protein supplementation and resistance training gains: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression
• Mountjoy et al. 2014, Beyond the female athlete triad, RED-S
• Mountjoy et al. 2018, IOC RED-S update, screening and return to play
• Mountjoy et al. 2023, IOC consensus statement on REDs
• Nieman 1998, influence of carbohydrate on the immune response to prolonged exercise
• Niklewicz et al. 2023, Vitamin B12 and plant-based diets
• Nomio (broccoli-sprout isothiocyanate shots): claims and evidence
• Owens et al. 2018, vitamin D and the athlete
• Parr et al. 2014, Alcohol impairs post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis
• Paulsen et al. 2014, Vitamin C and E blunt training adaptation
• Pengelly et al. 2024, iron deficiency & performance in female athletes
• Pérez-Gómez et al. 2020, Ashwagandha and VO₂max systematic review and meta-analysis
• Poffe et al. 2019, Ketone ester and training tolerance
• Ramos-Campo et al. 2023, carbohydrate feeding & endurance performance meta-analysis
• Rathmacher et al. 2024, ISSN position stand on HMB
• Rawji et al. 2024, magnesium for anxiety and sleep quality
• Reporting on elite bicarbonate use at the 2023 World Championships
• Schoenfeld, Aragon & Krieger 2013, Protein timing meta-analysis
• Shirreffs et al. 1996, post-exercise rehydration: volume and drink sodium
• Sim, Peeling et al. 2019, Iron considerations for the athlete
• Smid et al. 2024, Iron supplementation in athletes meta-analysis
• Smith et al. 2011, omega-3 and the muscle protein anabolic response
• Solem et al. 2025, Carbohydrate loading meta-analysis
• Southward et al. 2018, Caffeine and endurance performance meta-analysis
• Stevens et al. 2016, Menthol mouth rinse improves 5-km running in the heat but ice slurry does not
• Stoffel et al. 2017, Iron absorption and alternate-day dosing
• Sweat rates and sweat sodium concentrations in athletes
• Tart cherry and recovery scoping review (Front Nutr 2026)
• Tenforde et al. 2010, calcium, vitamin D and stress fractures in young athletes
• DC joint position stand: Nutrition and Athletic Performance
• Trexler et al. 2015, ISSN position stand: beta-alanine
• USADA, reducing supplement risk through third-party certification
• van Hall et al. 1995, BCAAs and central fatigue during exercise
• Veniamakis et al. 2022, sodium intake in endurance sport
• h carbohydrate in mountain runners
• Volek et al. 2016, FASTER: metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners
• WADA and USADA, anti-doping status of cannabinoids
• Wang et al. 2022, Caffeine and running performance meta-analysis
• Wang et al. 2024, CYP1A2 genotype and caffeine ergogenic effect — systematic review & meta-analysis
• WHO, sodium reduction (population intake)
• Wirnitzer et al. 2022, NURMI study of vegan and omnivorous runners
• Wolfe 2017, BCAAs and muscle protein synthesis — myth or reality?
• Zhu et al. 2026, Menthol administration routes and endurance in the heat — network meta-analysis

Gear

• Aimar et al. 2024, Midsole foam mechanical fatigue
• Alda-Blanco et al. 2025, Muscle damage after hard runs in super shoes
• Barnes & Kilding 2019, Independent validation of the retail Vaporfly
• Bauhaus et al. 2023, accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring during exercise
• Baumann et al. 2025, midsole thickness and running economy
• Beliard et al. 2015, Compression garments and exercise, no effect of pressure
• Bertschy et al. 2024, Race-pace protocol for super-spikes
• Bowler et al. 2023, continuous glucose monitors in sport (review)
• Brickwood et al. 2019, Consumer wearable activity trackers, a meta-analysis
• Broatch et al. 2019, Compression reduces muscle movement during running
• Brown et al. 2014, Breast pain in female marathon runners
• Brown et al. 2017, Compression garments and recovery, a meta-analysis
• Burns & Joubert 2024, Energy return of worn PEBA shoes
• Cerezuela-Espejo et al. 2021, Repeatability and validity of running-power devices
• De Sousa et al. 2014, Moisture-wicking fabric in the heat
• Edewaard et al. 2020, fluorescent biomotion clothing and daytime conspicuity
• Engel et al. 2016, Can runners benefit from compression clothing
• Engel et al. 2025, Independent validation of wearable VO2max
• FirstBeat white paper, stress and recovery from 24-hour HRV
• FirstBeat white paper, VO2max estimation from heart rate and speed
• Flint v. Strava, segment-chasing and risk
• Fong & Powell 2022, Breast support and running economy
• Footwear Science 2025, Injury-rate RCT (manufacturer-funded)
• Footwear Science 2025, Teeter-totter mechanism in recreational runners
• Franken et al. 2023, Kudos and peer influence on Strava
• Giachetti Martin et al. 2026, Advanced footwear systematic review
• Gilgen-Ammann et al. 2020, GPS watch accuracy
• Gilmer et al. 2024, Breasts and bras in physical activity, a meta-analysis
• Guinness et al. 2020, Vaporfly effect on race times
• Healey & Hoogkamer 2022, Longitudinal bending stiffness of the plate
• Healey et al. 2022, Measuring spike benefit in middle distance
• Herring & Richie 1990, Sock fibre and friction blisters
• Hoogkamer et al. 2016, Altered running economy directly translates to altered distance-running performance
• Hoogkamer et al. 2018, Metabolic cost of running in prototype racing shoes
• Hoogkamer, Kram & Arellano 2017, Modeling a sub-2-hour marathon
• Hopkins 2000, Measures of reliability in sports medicine
• Hung et al. 2025, Skin tone and optical heart-rate error
• Imbach et al. 2020, Validity of running power meters
• Independent analysis of super-shoe foam chemistry
• Kirby et al. 2019, Recovery markers after marathon in Vaporfly (conference abstract)
• Knopp et al. 2023, Variability in response to footwear
• Kobayashi et al. 2025, Advanced footwear technology meta-analysis
• Laranjo et al. 2021, Apps and activity trackers and physical activity, a meta-analysis
• Lee et al. 2025, Consumer wrist-worn sleep tracker accuracy vs polysomnography meta-analysis
• Lu et al. 2025, Watch lactate-threshold estimates
• Malisoux et al. 2015, Parallel use of different running shoes and injury risk
• Malisoux et al. 2016, heel-to-toe drop and injury risk RCT
• Mazéas et al. 2022, Gamification and physical activity, a meta-analysis
• Menz et al. 2016, rocker-sole footwear and the first MTP joint
• Muniz-Pardos et al. 2021, Footwear technology and record progression
• Neves et al. 2022, foot orthoses and injury prevention in runners meta-analysis
• Nigg et al. 2015, Preferred movement path and comfort filter
• Nishi et al. 2024, Digital health apps with gamification and physical activity, meta-analysis
• Pedestrian fatality risk by lighting condition, 2022 analysis
• Petek, Baggish et al. 2023, JACC review on consumer wearables
• Relph et al. 2022, Running shoes for preventing lower limb running injuries in adults (Cochrane)
• Risks and benefits of barefoot and minimalist running (systematic review)
• Rodrigo-Carranza et al. 2024, Foam durability and running economy
• Romeo et al. 2019, Can smartphone apps increase physical activity, a meta-analysis
• RunRepeat independent running-shoe foam testing
• Schaffarczyk et al. 2022, Validity of the Polar H10 against criterion ECG
• Schyvens et al. 2025, Consumer sleep-tracker accuracy vs polysomnography
• Shcherbina et al. 2017, Accuracy of wrist wearables (Stanford)
• Sichting & Holowka 2020, toe springs and walking biomechanics
• Tankink et al. 2024, optimised rocker profile and running economy
• Tenforde et al. 2023, Navicular stress injuries and carbon-plated shoes
• TrainingPeaks, Training Stress Score explained
• University of Portsmouth, Research Group in Breast Health
• USADA, will continuous glucose monitoring improve performance?
• Van Hooren 2025, Individual responses to advanced footwear
• Wakefield-Scurr et al. 2022, Sports-bra prescription in elite female athletes
• Wang et al. 2025, Compression garments and running performance, a meta-analysis
• Waśkiewicz et al. 2025, footwear technology in ultramarathon running
• Willems et al. 2021, Motion-control shoes and pronation-related injuries
• Wood et al. 2012, reflective clothing and cyclist conspicuity at night
• World Athletics Athletic Shoe Regulations (Book C2.1A)
• Wu et al. 2025, Foam vs plated track spikes
• Xu et al. 2025, footwear characteristics and running economy meta-analysis
• Zeleznik Mezan 2025, Wearable VO2max systematic review
• Zhang et al. 2020, Optical heart-rate accuracy meta-analysis

Recovery

• Albillos-Almaraz et al. 2025, Intermittent pneumatic compression for muscle recovery (meta-analysis)
• Bellenger et al. 2016, Monitoring training with HRV meta-analysis
• Bezuglov et al. 2021, Prevalence of recovery methods among elite endurance athletes (survey)
• Boukhris et al. 2023, Daytime napping following normal sleep and physical performance, meta-analysis
• Braun-Trocchio et al. 2022, Recovery strategies in endurance athletes (survey)
• Bushman et al. 1997, Effect of 4 wk of deep water run training on running performance
• Carrard et al. 2022, Diagnosing overtraining syndrome: a scoping review
• Cheung, Hume & Maxwell 2003, Delayed onset muscle soreness
• Coleman et al. 2024, Deload weeks in resistance training
• Coyle et al. 1984, Time course of detraining
• Davis et al. 2020, Sports massage for performance and recovery (systematic review)
• Dupuy et al. 2018, Recovery techniques meta-analysis
• Effects of massage guns on performance and recovery (systematic review)
• Foster et al. 2001, Session-RPE method
• Fyfe et al. 2019, Cold water immersion and training adaptation
• Granero-Gallegos et al. 2020, HRV-guided training meta-analysis
• Gwyther et al. 2022, Sleep interventions for performance, mood and sleep in athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Halson 2014, Sleep in elite athletes
• Herxheimer & Petrie 2002, Melatonin for jet lag (Cochrane)
• Hill et al. 2014, Compression garments and recovery meta-analysis
• Hyldahl, Chen & Nosaka 2017, the repeated bout effect
• Ihsan et al. 2021, Adaptations to post-exercise cold water immersion: friend, foe, or futile?
• Ivarsson et al. 2017, Psychosocial factors and sport injury
• Janse van Rensburg et al. 2021, Travel fatigue and jet lag consensus
• Konrad et al. 2022, Foam rolling training effects on range of motion, meta-analysis
• Kreher & Schwartz 2012, Overtraining syndrome practical guide
• Lastella et al. 2021, To nap or not to nap, napping in athletes
• Laukkanen et al. 2018, Sauna and cardiovascular mortality
• Li et al. 2024, Effectiveness of recovery strategies in endurance athletes: umbrella review
• Lopes et al. 2023, Sleep deprivation and endurance meta-analysis
• Lower-limb intermittent pneumatic compression and recovery (meta-analysis)
• Mah et al. 2011, Sleep extension in basketball players
• Matos et al. 2011, Prevalence of overtraining in young athletes
• ACSM)
• Menzies et al. 2010, Active recovery and lactate clearance
• Milewski et al. 2014, Sleep and injury in adolescent athletes
• Mujika & Padilla 2000, Detraining review
• Piñero et al. 2024, Cold water immersion and resistance training-induced hypertrophy
• Plews et al. 2013, Heart-rate variability and training monitoring
• Poppendieck et al. 2016, Massage and performance recovery (meta-analysis)
• Prather et al. 2015, Sleep and susceptibility to the common cold
• Price et al. 2025, heat thermotherapy & cardiovascular outcomes
• Reliability and validity of myofascial trigger points (critical review)
• Roberts et al. 2015, Cold water immersion blunts adaptation
• Sauna as recovery systematic review (Sports Med Open 2025)
• Saw, Main & Gastin 2016, Subjective vs objective training monitoring
• Schwellnus et al. 2012, Travel and illness in athletes
• Sleep loss and performance meta-analysis (Front Physiol 2025)
• Stults-Kolehmainen & Bartholomew 2012, Stress and muscular recovery
• Van Hooren & Peake 2018, do we need a cool-down after exercise?
• Walsh, Halson et al. 2021, Sleep and the athlete consensus
• Warneke & Lohmann 2024, Revisiting the stretch-induced force deficit: systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of acute effects
• Waterhouse et al. 2007, Short post-lunch nap after partial sleep deprivation
• recovery (meta-analysis)
• Wilber et al. 1996, Influence of water run training on the maintenance of aerobic performance
• Zhang et al. 2025, Blood flow restriction training and aerobic capacity in endurance athletes
• Zheng et al. 2022, Short- and long-term detraining and maximal oxygen uptake in athletes

Injury

• Active Release Technique and hamstring extensibility (critically appraised topic)
• Alfredson et al. 1998, Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for chronic Achilles tendinosis
• Askling et al. 2014, Lengthening (L-protocol) versus conventional rehab for acute hamstring injury
• Barnes & Rivera 2022, Active Release Technique on clinician and patient-reported outcomes: systematic review
• Bell et al. 2018, Sport specialisation and risk of overuse injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Bergeron et al. 2015, IOC consensus statement on youth athletic development
• Beyer et al. 2015, Heavy-slow resistance versus eccentric training for Achilles tendinopathy
• Bonanno et al. 2017, Foot orthoses and shock-absorbing insoles for injury prevention
• Bone stress injury reviews, High-risk versus low-risk anatomical sites
• Buchalski et al. 2026, collagen and tendon outcomes systematic review
• Cervical manipulation and stroke risk (Cassidy 2008 and systematic reviews)
• Challoumas et al. 2021, Management of patellar tendinopathy: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised studies
• Chimenti et al. 2024, Midportion Achilles tendinopathy clinical practice guideline (AOPT revision)
• Chyi et al. 2024, stressor history & sport injury
• Chys et al. 2023, Clinical effectiveness of dry needling in musculoskeletal pain (umbrella review)
• Cook & Purdam 2009, Continuum model of tendon pathology
• Correia et al. 2024, umbrella review of risk factors for running-related injuries
• Cotchett et al. 2014, Trigger-point dry needling for plantar heel pain (RCT)
• Craniosacral therapy effectiveness (systematic reviews)
• Cupping therapy in musculoskeletal and sports rehabilitation 2022 (systematic review)
• Davis & Gruber 2019, Quantifying exposure to running for injury research
• Davis & Gruber 2020, Injured runners do not replace lost running time
• Davis & Gruber 2021, Leg stiffness, joint stiffness and running-related injury
• Dry needling adverse events and safety (survey and case-report literature)
• Dry needling for trigger-point neck pain 2020 (updated systematic review)
• Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinopathy 2022 (systematic review)
• Extracorporeal shockwave therapy, safety and contraindications (narrative review)
• Fairclough et al. 2006, Is iliotibial band syndrome a friction syndrome?
• Frandsen et al. 2025, High-risk running sessions in a 5200-person cohort
• Franke et al. 2014, Osteopathic manipulative treatment for low back pain (systematic review)
• Frontiers 2024, Conservative treatment for iliotibial band syndrome in runners
• Gallant et al. 2024, Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
• Gattie et al. 2017, Trigger-point dry needling for musculoskeletal conditions (systematic review)
• George et al. 2024, criteria for returning to running after tibial bone stress injury
• Gollwitzer et al. 2015, Focused shockwave therapy for chronic plantar fasciitis (RCT)
• Goom, Donnelly and Brockwell 2019, returning to running postnatal
• Hamstra-Wright et al. 2021, Risk factors for plantar fasciitis in physically active individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Heliyon 2022, Foot orthoses for patellofemoral pain syndrome
• Hoenig et al. 2022, MRI grading and return to sport after bone stress injuries
• Hughes et al. 2017, Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation
• Impellizzeri et al. 2020, Acute:chronic workload ratio conceptual issues and pitfalls
• Instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilisation 2019 (systematic review and effect-size analysis)
• Joachim et al. 2024, injury risk factors in cross-country runners (review)
• Jonsson et al. 2008, Eccentric calf training without dorsiflexion for insertional Achilles tendinopathy
• Kakouris et al. 2021, Systematic review of running-related injuries
• Kerr et al. 2016, epidemiology of collegiate cross-country injuries
• Kliethermes et al. 2021, Lower step rate and bone stress injury in collegiate runners
• Kongsgaard et al. 2009, Corticosteroid, eccentric and heavy-slow resistance for patellar tendinopathy
• Lauersen et al. 2014, Exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries
• Lixandrão et al. 2018, High-load versus low-load BFR resistance training
• Lloyd et al. 2014, position statement on youth resistance training
• Luedke et al. 2016, Step rate and shin injury in high-school runners
• Maetz et al. 2023, Loading versus passive treatment for midportion Achilles tendinopathy
• Mechanisms of acupuncture-electroacupuncture on persistent pain (review)
• Morton & Callister 2015, Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP)
• MTSS reviews 2018-2025, Risk factors and management of medial tibial stress syndrome
• Nascimento et al. 2018, Hip and knee strengthening for patellofemoral pain
• NCCIH, Acupuncture effectiveness and safety (evidence overview)
• Neal et al. 2022, six treatments for patellofemoral pain
• Nielsen et al. 2014, Excessive weekly distance progression and injury
• Paige et al. 2017, Spinal manipulation for acute low back pain (systematic review)
• Parreira et al. 2014, Current evidence does not support Kinesio Taping (systematic review)
• Partyka & Waśkiewicz 2021, musculoskeletal consequences of ultramarathon
• Rathleff et al. 2014, Is hip strength a risk factor for patellofemoral pain?
• Rathleff et al. 2015, High-load strength training for plantar fasciitis
• Riddle et al. 2003, Risk factors for plantar fasciitis
• Rizzo et al. 2025, Non-pharmacological treatments for low back pain (Cochrane overview of reviews)
• Rubinstein et al. 2019, Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low back pain (systematic review)
• Rudisill et al. 2023, Hamstring injury prevention & risk factor management: systematic review and meta-analysis
• Rushton & Richie 2024, Friction blisters of the feet: a critical assessment of prevention strategies
• Shaw et al. 2017, vitamin C-enriched gelatin and collagen synthesis
• Shockwave therapy for patellar, Achilles tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis 2023 (meta-analysis)
• Shockwave therapy for tendinopathies around the hip and pelvis 2025 (systematic review)
• Silbernagel et al. 2007, continued sports activity using a pain-monitoring model in Achilles tendinopathy
• Spinal manipulation for cervicogenic headache 2020 (systematic review and meta-analysis)
• Tenforde et al. 2022, Best practices for extracorporeal shockwave therapy
• Tenforde et al. 2024, High- and low-risk bone stress injury in female runners
• van Dyk et al. 2019, Nordic hamstring exercise and hamstring-injury prevention
• Van Hooren, van Rengs & Meijer 2024, Per-step load at running injury sites
• Vickers et al. 2018, Acupuncture for chronic pain (individual patient data meta-analysis)
• Warden et al. 2021, Managing low-risk tibial and metatarsal bone stress injuries
• Whittaker et al. 2018, Foot orthoses for plantar heel pain
• Wu et al. 2024, Exercise-based prevention programmes and injury in endurance runners

Other

• Bramah et al. 2019, 10% step rate increase and knee pain
• Daniels 1984, stride-rate observations at the Olympics
• Lenhart et al. 2014, step rate and patellofemoral force
• Marathon Handbook, the 180-cadence myth

Reference and methods

• Fränti 2024, What is wrong with MDPI, predator or serious competitor?
• Frontiers Media, publishing model and reputation (overview)