Bolland et al. 2018, vitamin D supplementation and musculoskeletal health meta-analysis

A systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis of 81 RCTs (53,537 participants) found that vitamin D supplementation alone had no effect on total fractures, hip fractures, falls, or bone mineral density at any site, regardless of dose. The authors concluded there is little justification for using vitamin D supplements to maintain or improve musculoskeletal health in the general population. Strong evidence against vitamin D supplementation as a standalone bone-protection strategy.