Jowett 2017, The coach-athlete relationship at the heart of coaching effectiveness

Review positioning the coach-athlete relationship as the core of coaching effectiveness, modelled through the 3+1Cs framework: closeness (the emotional bond), commitment (intention to maintain the partnership), complementarity (cooperative behaviour) and co-orientation (shared perceptions). Higher-quality relationships are associated with greater motivation, well-being and performance, more strongly for perceived than objective performance. A well-established descriptive framework, not a causal test. Moderate.