Waśkiewicz et al. 2025, footwear technology in ultramarathon running

PRISMA-guided narrative review in Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (vol. 13, article 1642555) integrating field and laboratory evidence on trail and ultramarathon footwear. More compliant (softer) foams offered protective benefits during downhill and prolonged efforts, though responses varied between individuals. Low-drop shoes were associated with more forefoot striking and faster descents but greater Achilles loading. Greater longitudinal bending stiffness (carbon plates) reduced energy cost, mainly in trained runners at race speeds. Outsole lugs, rock plates and upper durability are not treated in depth. Moderate; narrative review of mixed-quality primary studies.