Mooses et al. 2015, Better running economy in the field than on a treadmill

Study of high-level distance runners. In 13 competitive European distance runners, running economy was 8.8% better on a track than on a treadmill at 16 km/h, while VO₂max did not differ between modes. Shows that the running surface and setting can shift submaximal economy even when aerobic capacity is unchanged. Moderate.